Frameworks Childcare Unit 10

The different frameworks for children up until the age of 16 years the follow the national curriculum and the early years foundation years is the age between, from birth-5 year old and the national curriculum is ages between 5-11 years. It is mandatory for all the schools and early years settings in ofsed registered settings to follow the early year’s foundation stage. The national curriculum is broken down into four different key stages at the end stage there are SATS which are statutory assessment.The early year’s foundation stage The early year foundation stage the aim is to provide learning through play for example it is important for ever child to be equal and to be a unique child it is also important to have a relationship with the parents and for the children welfare is paramount. Review your environment to ensure that it is interesting, attractive and accessible to every child so they can learn independently.The national Curriculum The national curriculum is man datory for all schools between 5-11 years old, the compulsory national curriculum subjects are for key stages 1 and 2 which are English, maths, science, design and technology, ICT, history, geography, art and design, music and physical education these are measured for children’s progress compared to all pupils across the country.How the EYFS are used by practitioners to support learning The job of the practitioners is to develop the six areas of learning by using observations on the children. To observe them to show how much progress they have made and what learning groups they can go into for the best of there ability. It is important that the practitioners use ratios because they can keep to the routine better and provide emotional security.It is also important that practitioners use planning to meet individual needs and to view the child holistic view of the Childs development. It is important that you plan activities for the children and have a range of toys for all ages and to cover the six areas of learning stages. How the National Curriculum is used by teachers to support learning The role of the teacher is to enforce the national curriculum and ensure that all children have all the same opportunities to work to there best ability.It is important to have enough supervision and it is also important for all the children to have a key worker which would be the teacher of the class which will be there to teach the children all types of activities for example, maths, writing, physical activities, and creative activities. Also it is important that the teacher does planning, for example plan the activities that you are going to teach the children for the week which is called a short term plan and also plan for the month or the year which is called long term planning.

Cormac Mccarthy’s the Road- Theme of Hope

The Road is set sometime in the future after a global catastrophe. The Road follows the story of a nameless father and son, possibly the last of the â€Å"good guys†, as they travel along an abandoned stretch of highway populated with occasional marauders and cannibals. The post-apocalyptic setting plays upon the public’s fear of terrorism, pandemics, genocide, and weapons of mass destruction. Since the cause of the destruction remains unanswered, it is left open to the mind to make assumptions.The Roadi is set somewhere in the south eastern United States. There is mention of distant mountains, several rivers and creeks, and a coastline. The landscape and the air are soaked in thick, gray ash. Vegetation has been destroyed. There are no fish in the water. When snow falls, it collects the ash in the air and falls to the earth already gray. The setting is the main antagonist in the book, because it is the number one adversity the father and son have to endure. This create s the theme as the father continually struggles to keep his faith and â€Å"carry the fire†.The hardship he faces with his son makes him question his faith in humanity and god, but in the end, it is his son who makes him see that your can always have hope in the most difficult of times. The boy and the man continually search among the debris in the aftermath of the cataclysmic event for morsels of food and warmth. Though they are forced to breathe thick ash in the air and travel in constant cold, they continually trudge forward. It is apparent that the father is slowly losing his faith in humanity and their situation, and parts of him wish it could just all be over.They must find food and clean water, and they must constantly hide. There are marauding groups of cannibals who look upon the man and boy as nothing more than meat. The lone bullet in the man’s gun is saved for the boy, who has been instructed on how to kill himself should something happen to the man. This y oung boy, the only hope in a dismal environment, is all that matters to the man. â€Å"You know how to do it. You put it in your mouth and point it up. Do it quick and hard. Do you understand? Stop crying. Do you understand? † (113).This shows that the father does not trust his son to be able to survive in this environment, and he would much rather have him die easily than have to attempt survival and risk suffering. The man and boy encounter few people in this story. Most of Abraham 2 those they do come across are brutish because everyone is starving and fighting for survival. Almost all the people in this story are constantly on the move. The father trusts no one, his goal is to make it to the south, to the coastline. However, neither warmth nor bounties of food are found once the man and the boy finally reach the edge of the water.The shoreline is just as cold as the mountains were, and everything is the same: drained of life, bitterly cold, and hopeless. Though the boy wa nts to write a message in the sand to the â€Å"good guys† the father finds it hard to stay positive. â€Å"What if the bad guys saw it? †¦ I shouldn’t have said that, we could write them a letter† (245). Though through it all the boy is still able to hold on to hope that there is still good in the world. Yet, father also starts to question his faith in god, which contributes to his pessimistic attitude.The father subconsciously focuses attention on the questions of God, does he exist? If so, is he present, or has he vacated the premises? Is he good? Does he care? It become clear that the father’s faith in god is shaky after all the incidences he has witnessed. In one case, when he meets an elderly blind man, the father tells him how only god could know what is going to happen. The blind man then says, â€Å"There is no god and we are his prophets† (170). This shows that the old man has lost all faith in god. He believes that they have been le ft there to fend for themselves.The father says nothing to oppose the statement and seems to push it in to the back of his mind. The old man later mention, â€Å"Where men can’t live gods fare no better† (172). Referring to how it is near impossible to keep your faith in such hard times. Later in the novel when they find a flare gun, the father shoots it off as a celebration. His son asks if anyone could see it, to which the father asks â€Å"Like god? † (246). The flare is symbolic in the sense that they shot it in to nothing but smog and pollution but could still make it out, even though no one from any further away would be able to.This make the father realize that god can work in the same way, and even though you can’t see him, he could still be present. Over time, the boy’s optimism starts to work on the fathers hope in the future. He starts to trust in his son and understands that he is able to make the right decisions. He also regains some o f his hope for the future through it all. â€Å"We’re still here. Alot of bad things Abraham 3 have happened but we’re still here† (269) His love for his son continues to make him strong and he braves each day even though he knows he will die soon from sickness.At one point the boy asks him what the bravest thing he has ever done was. The man replies, â€Å"Getting up this morning† (272). In time the father comes to see how much his son has matured and is able to make the right decisions. The father notices how the boy always went out of his way to help people and had a good moral compass. The child begged to give food to the old man even though they knew he would die, as well as returning clothes to a thief even though he didn’t deserve it. The father tells the boy that he has been carrying the fire himself this whole time inside of him, â€Å"It’s inside you. It was always there. I can see it† (279).In the end, the father realizes t hat he must trust his son to survive on his own and that there is hope for the future. He promises the boy that he will never leave him, but he cannot keep death at bay. The man finally succumbs. And the boy still young in years, but aged through his challenging experiences must find his own way. Despite the setting, the father learned from his son that you can always keep hope alive, no matter how hard times get. â€Å"You have my whole heart. You always did. You’re the best guy. You always were. If I’m not here you can still talk to me. You can talk to me and I’ll talk to you. You’ll see† (279).

Part1. Physical items Essay

Goods: Physical items produced by business organizations. Operations Management: the management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services Process: One or more actions that transform inputs into outputs Services: activities that provide some combination of time, location, form, and psychological value System: a set of interrelated parts that must work together. Technology: the application of scientific discoveries to the development and improvement of goods and services Operations management requires: both knowledge of the facts and how to interpret that info in order to produce and deliver Requires constant improvement: due to competition in the marketplace and advances in technology Good process design is: customer driven. What questions> What type of process is best suited that will fulfill our customers needs What is the goal in selecting a supplier? To find the best product available for the best price you can The global market enables the operations manager: the flecibility to choose the most cost effective supplier Honda’s relationship with their suppliers is based on: trust Why did Hillrich & Bradsby implement ERP system?: to simplify their processes When do hillrich & bradsbey start their production process?: when an order is entered into the system What was the purpose of Disney’s Fast Pass?: remove the need to wait in line by using a virtual queue Measuring is an important method. Monitoring the consistency and repeatability of a process is called: statistical process control What technique does Gortac use to support continuous improvement: in manufacturing, try to be more efficient, improving quality: continuous improvement: record the days productivity numbers and compare – daily production meetings. How did ABTCO increase capacity without adding space or investing capital? : using fundamentals of operations mgmt., reorganized the manuf process to improve quality and efficiency. Closed lines producing unfrofitable products and started idle lines to fill shortages, as a result, their siding unit increased prod capacity w out adding space or capital expense.

Retail Merchandising & Store Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Merchandising & Store Operations - Essay Example Marketers need to come up with new strategies to attract and hold on to their customers and one of these promotional strategies is visual merchandising and store design and layout. Walters and White have defined visual merchandising as the activity, which coordinates effective merchandising selection with effective merchandising display. (D Walters and D White, 1987). It involves communicating a positive product image to the customer and also ensuring that the customer decodes it well thus leading to positive behavioral outcome leading to purchase. The basic aim of the retailer is to trigger a customer to make a purchase. For this three major steps are to be followed. The first one should cause the customer to enter the shop. This can be caused by the shops exterior including both the exterior landscape, the board and the window display. The second effort is made to retain the customer in the store for as long as possible which is attained by making the ambience pleasing and the store comfortable. The third and the decision making process of buying is greatly affected by the product display and availability which is ensured by clean products on display in an efficient manner. The interior design of the store can greatly affect the customers psychologically, lowering their defenses and removing their doubts, encourage them to make purchases and maintain interest in the store. (Kotler, 1974). Thus all marketers are unanimous in agreeing with the fact that store design is one of the main factors behind customer store choice decisions. Other factors include pricing, distance and size of the outlet. Previously the emphasis was on the display of the products but now marketers also have to lay emphasis on the elements which excite the senses of the shoppers. Frequently used elements are smells, lighting, flat screen videos and

Carlsberg Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carlsberg - Assignment Example Basically, there are various factors that shape the international business environment. For instance, factors such as economic, political as well as cultural differences that might exist between the parent company’s country and the country of the foreign operation may significantly impact on the operations of a particular organization in a different environment. Thus, organizations operating in foreign countries need to design an effective entry strategy that can enable it to operate viably in this environment. Against this background, this essay seeks to evaluate the question of how the international business environment influences the corporation’s business strategy and operations This essay is based on the case study of Carlsberg and it seeks to establish the reasons for this company’s failure to enter China for the first time around the early 2000. The paper looks at how factors such as the difference between Western and Eastern values impact on the operation s of an organization in a foreign country. In order to establish the reasons why Carlberg’s emerging markets strategy failed to materialise in China in the early 2000s, it is imperative to begin by giving the company’s historical background. According to the case study given, Carlsberg is the fifth largest brewing company in the world. The core business of this company is related to brewing, marketing and selling beer. The company was established in 1847 in Denmark. The company currently has more than 33Â  000 employees and it operates in more than 75 countries. Due to maturing and stagnation of western European beer markets, the company underscored to embark on the emerging markets strategy in order to capitalise on the opportunities available in emerging markets such as China. However, it has not been that rosy for the company during the early 2000s as it faced some challenges in a bid to establish itself as a force to reckon with in the Chinese market. The ownershi p structure of the organization contributed to the difficulties if faced in attempting to finance its operations. The Carlsberg Foundation was supposed to have a 51 % stake. The other factor that contributed to the challenges that were faced in the beer industry in the mid 2000s is the aspect related to rising production costs as well as increasing competition from wine and spirits. The other issue that contributed to challenges faced by breweries is related to consolidation of the industry where the number of actors significantly declined. The issue of consolidation significantly impacted on the endeavours by Carlsberg to penetrate the Chinese market. After entering into a 50/50 joint venture with a Thai company Chang Beverages Pte ltd, the newly incorporated market CAL faced fierce competition in the beer industry in the South East China. There were disagreements which made CAL to breach the contract and this attracted a heavy lawsuit against it. The other challenge that was faced by Carlsberg is that the people in the western part of China were very poor though they contributed about one third of the total population. However, Carlsberg’s presence in western parts of China was through joint ventures since it did not have a fully owned brewery. This greatly helped it to embark on its strategy to penetrate emerging markets. There are different factors that characterise Western vs Eastern business environments and it should be noted that these have an influence on the success of a brewery especially in an emerging market. For instance, the consumption patterns of beer in the Eastern market are booming compared to the European markets that that are now saturated. Economies in emerging markets such as China are strong and they significantly influence the behaviour of the consumers towards beer. According to Mintel report obtained from (http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/press-releases/882/china-beer-consumption-hits-the-50-billion-litre-mark-for-first-tim e-in-2011, 2012, China is the largest beer market in the world and research shows that the country’

Six Cultural Intelligence Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Six Cultural Intelligence Profiles - Essay Example Such people simply feel others. After interacting with a representative of a foreign culture for several minutes they intuitively know the right pattern of behavior. However, this ability develops with time and experience and sometimes it may let you down. Certainly, intuition is a good advisor in business, yet it is necessary to use your head and body as well, basing your work on systematic learning. The ambassador style is the most widely used one. A person, following this behavioral pattern, â€Å"convincingly communicates his certainty† of belonging to a new culture even if he knows nothing of it yet. Confidence is found to be a very powerful instrument of cultural intelligence. However, this style is often based on analytical observations and systematic learning, just as it happens in the analyst profile. Besides, the authors emphasize the necessity of having the humility to know what you don’t know. It is very dangerous to avoid underestimating cultural difference s and it is important to be able to accept one’s ignorance. The mimic style is based on body control. The mimic has â€Å"insight into the significance of the cultural cues he picks up†. Mirroring foreign partners’ gestures, speech, and mimicry, the mimic makes his guest feel at ease, facilitating communication and building trust. The style has obvious advantages and to my mind should be mastered (at least to a certain degree) by all the managers. The representatives of NLP explain how this works. The NLP technologies, permitting to acquire the necessary skills, are widely used in the world of business. Finally, chameleon style is characterized by high levels of all three CQ components.

I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King - Essay Example By focusing on the spirit that the civil rights movement portrayed, King made a speech that managed to resonate not only in America, but in other parts of the world as well. Though the speech was regarded as being very powerful, various historians ask whether the speech is the greatest in history (McFarnon). This paper will discuss the impact that Martin Luther King’s speech I Have a Dream has towards portraying an era of racism, discrimination and injustice that perpetrated against African American in the US. Discussion Any historian may judge the King’s address as being the greatest in history, though it is classified as among several epochal speeches in the history of America. The speech reveals some of the greatest gifts that King possessed where he was able to address different groups of people with a single voice. He managed to revive the souls of crusaders and awaken the consciences of the general public. King was capable of speaking in an eloquent manner about the experiences that African Americans went through and awaken the American spirit in a simultaneous manner (McFarnon).

Risk Management table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management table - Essay Example This is due to the fact that, probability mainly defined the expected number of times that a particular impact can happen. Therefore, if the impact is high and the probability is also high, then the team ranked this as a top threat. Contrastingly, if both are low then that particular threat was ranked at the lowest level (Wheeler, 2011). The reasoning behind the mitigation steps for different types of threats is as stipulated below. If a threat affects the operations of a network device, then the mitigation steps shed light on protecting its data storage locations along with its network access layer. Secondly, if the threat is due to poor user practices, the mitigation steps focused on coming up with the proper policies on the use of organization resources. Lastly but certainly not the least, if a particular threat affected a whole system, then focus was laid on configuring the interconnection devices such as routers and switches (Wheeler,

Concepts learned in International Relations Essay

Concepts learned in International Relations - Essay Example the ‘national interest’ is captured in the image of a social evolutionary process that predetermines a series of associated connotations and denotations of an otherwise natural phenomenon (Trubovitz, 1998, p.3). The individualistic view of ‘what’s good’ is truly based on the concept of private benefit while social good or benefit is located in a larger context that even encompasses international interests. It’s against this backdrop that American national interest as against international collective benefit ought to be examined. Concepts such as ‘absolute good’ and ‘relative good’ in a politically charged environment of conflict between ideologies are more relevant and highly feasible though definitions of them might vary according to biases and prejudices of individuals who seek to interpret them. Social issues of conflict and ideological differences deserve more attention in a study of international relations than a superficial analysis of consequences thereof. Theoretical underpinnings of social transformation in an international relations context focus attention on the inevitable concept of conflict between private interests and public interests. By extension it’s the same conflict between national interests of the individual nation state and the collective interests of the international community at large. The subsequent developments that unfold as the conflict evolves into a multifaceted phenomenon bear a closer semblance to those social issues such as ideological differences, social biases and prejudices, ethnic and religious interests and societal mores or value systems. At an international level the macrocosmic phenomenon though might assume a diversity and a complexity that has little parallel in conflicts within the boundaries of a nation state. The theoretical rigor with which the polemical issues in interstate relations are treated generates a greater degree of enthusiasm in the conflict and its impact on such relations. While

Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assignment - Term Paper Example The political sphere today is male dominated, as shown by the high numbers of males participating in politics (Lawless & Fox 2012). In the USA, women account for only 16.6 percent of congress. On the other hand, women make up only 8 percent of the mayors of the nation’s largest cities. Similarly, Britain registers lower representation of women in politics, compared to the U.S.A. (PressTVGlobalNews 2011). Globally, in July 2006, women accounted for 17 percent of parliamentarians worldwide, and a woman headed the government in only seven countries (UNICEF, 2007). According to Anne, Deckman, and Swers (2011), the under-representation of women in politics is not blamed on legal restrictions, but probably on the bias of voters and parties, which favor the male politicians. Nonetheless, despite women under-representation in politics, a number of women in different countries have risen in the political scene, with impeccable performance, which is responsible for their influence in th e politics of their countries and the world. In 2011, the Forbes Magazine published a list of the most powerful women in the world. Among the first top five most powerful women in the list, three were female politicians. The most powerful woman in politics was considered to be Angela Merkel, who â€Å". . . directly controls the $2.9 trillion GDP of Germany and influences the $14.8 trillion economy of the European Union† (Goudreau 2011, para. 2). Besides being the first female chancellor of Germany, Merkel is also the party leader of Christian Democratic Union in Germany. She has held this political office in Germany since 2005, and re-elected in 2009. Merkel is also responsible for overseeing the operations of the Eurozone, ensuring stability, and unification of the members. In addition, the stabilization of the European Union is one of her core duties. This makes Germany the only country among the top largest economies of the world to be headed by a female leader (Gedmin

The signs of Drug Use in Children and impact on famlies Research Paper

The signs of Drug Use in Children and impact on famlies - Research Paper Example with having educational experience prompts children in testing their ability to adapt, beginning peer relationship or support system, and achieving academic expectations. As a result of insurmountable amount of stress and anxiety, children and students succumb to drug/substance use as a way to deal with academic pressure and expectations. According to Doweiko (2012), the 40% to 60% incidences of drug and substance use among children, adolescents, and college students explains the occurrence of accidents, sexual assault cases, fights, losing life, and poor academic performance (292). Therefore, it is essential to identify the different medical models explaining addiction and how it is applied among children, to early recognize signs of drug use among children, and to determine the impact of drug use among children on the families. Medical model rests on the assumption that disease states are the result of biological dysfunction, either on cellular or molecular level. Under the medical model, drug use is considered as a disease because it presents loss of control, progression of symptoms, and potential to cause death. However, clinical research had not support the medical model and had been excluded in the substance abuse rehabilitation. Genetic inheritance theories explain that one has genetic predisposition towards drug use; however, children with genetic predisposition will lose the tendency to succumb to drug use if they never begin to use alcohol or drugs. Thus, genetic predisposition might be a contributing factor of drug use among children but not the only reason why children go to use of drugs. Scientists linked cAMP response-element-binding protein (CREB), ∆FosB, and variant of  µ opioid receptor site to the promotion of drug use among children (Doweiko, 2012, 336). The biological differences theories state that the predisposition to go onto drug use differs in terms of metabolism, biotransformation, and acting (Doweiko, 2012, 337). Researchers also

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald he explains to the reader in a distinctive way who Jay Gatsby is. This new man who is secretly in love with Daisy and has lots of new money, is living in West Egg., this mysterious character is revealed to us by the narrator Nick Caraway. Rumours and facts are revealed to us in the first five chapters. At the beginning of the novel, Jay Gatsby is described to us as a mysterious man who is really shy; we also know nothing about him. He purchases a mansion in West Egg. He through lots of parties to gain social status and to gain access to Daisy. Rumours help distinguish this character a lot. The rumours that you read come to you as being true. However the reality is that it isn’t. â€Å"One time he killed a man who had found out it was nephew to Von Hidenburg.† Von Hidenburg was a German field marshal in WW1. He also appointed Adolf Hitler Canceler. Jay Gatsby was a Solider in WW1. This rumour make you think that he is courageous hero who killed a close family member of a German Hero. As a reader we think that these rumours are not completely true that they are over exaggerated. Perhaps the truth that jay Gatsby did kill a German but maybe just a German Officer or General. Further on in the book in Chapter 4 Gatsby reveals to Nick a lot of information about his life. â€Å"I took the remains of my machine gun battalion so far forward†¦ We stayed there for two nights and two days†¦ and when the infantry came (Allie Forces) up the found the insignia of three German diversions among the pile of the dead.† How could one non-complete battalion take out three other battalions and live to tell the tale? Nick makes us think this Gatsby is being completely truthful or is slightly over exaggerating his story. But before Nick completely names his as untruthful then Jay Gatsby brings out a large amount of evidence to back up his heroism. â€Å"Major jay Gatsby, I read. Then it is all true.† Jay Gatsby enters the novel as a shy and mysterious character who has recently came into a great large deal of new money. But as the novel progresses we understand that he was living in poverty in his childhood, and that he had basically been spoilt when his family died. He has secretly been in love with Daisy for ten years and he tries to improve his status by being the party hostess. Rumour and factual information help give the reader a better understanding of Jay Gatsby and how he can to be so rich and all of his history.

Porous Multishell Hollow Cu2O Microspheres Experiment

Porous Multishell Hollow Cu2O Microspheres Experiment Preparation of Porous MultishellHollow Cu2O Microspheres and their catalytic activity in photodegradation of Rhodamine-B Lingling Sun, Deyan Han*, Ruirui Haoà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Guohong Wang* Abstract In this study, Porous Multishell Hollow Cu2O Microspheres were fabricated by One-Pot solvothermal method of copper(II) with glutamic acid under 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The as-prepared monodisperse Cu2O hollow microspheres were characterized by Xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL), and thermogravimetryà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­differential thermal analysis (TGà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­DTA). The formation of hydroxyl radicals ( ·OH) on the surface of UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­illuminated Cu2O is probed by photoluminescence using terqaephthalic acid as a probe molecule. The photocatalytic activity of monodisperse Cu2O hollow microspheres have been tested by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and PL spectral changes of terephthalic acid under UV light. The results showed that the optimum add of glutamic acid is 0.05g and reaction time was 24h, respectively. Introduction Transition metal oxides with different nanostructures have drawn much attention in recent years because of their fascinating applications in optoelectronics and outstanding structureal flexibility combined with unique properties with potential applications.[10à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 17à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 19] So the transition metals oxides are an important class semiconductors. Among these transition metal oxides, Cuprous oxide ( Cu2O ) is a pà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­type semiconductor material with a narrow band gap (2 eV) and a large excition binding energy of 140 meV, it is non-toxic, inexpensive and abundand that widely used in photocatalysis, gas sensors, lithiumà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ion batteries, electronics, solar energy conversion, magnetic storage, and so on. To date, different Cu2O nanostructures use capping agent or surface active agent have been synthesis, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were widely used to synthesize Cu2O nano wires, Cu2O nanotubes, Cu2O nanothreads, Cu2O nanocubes, flowerà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­like Cu2O, urchin-like Cu2O, hollow Cu2O spheres. Hollow spheres have attracted great interest because of their special properties including low density, high surface area, good surface permeability and distinct optical properties. [15] Wang’s group add of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide developed a facile room temperature solution route for synthesis of doubleà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­wall Cu2O hollow spheres. Zeng et al. [9] reported the preparation of hollow Cu2O nanospheres from a reductive conversion of aggregated CuO nanocrystallites and the formation of CuO microspheres by a twoà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­tiered organizing scheme. However, the poor conductivity limite Cu2O further application. In the present work, Porous Multishell Hollow Cu2O Microspheres have been synthesized using oneà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­pot solvothermal method of copper nitrate with glutamic acid under 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ after different hydrothermal time. Morphological, structural and optical properties and thermal behavior of the products have been identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visibleà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­NIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetryà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­differential thermal analysis (TGà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­DTA) and photoluminescence (PL). The other aim of present work is the investigation of the photocatalytic degradation of RhB under UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­light radiation at ambient temperature and using of Cu2O nanopowders synthesisd with different hydrothermal time. The porous Multishell Hollow Cu2O Microspheres exhibit a high photocatalytic activity due to the fact that Cu2O Microspheres have a high specific surface area and a larger band gap. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis of Hollow Cu2O Microspheres Analytical grade copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2 †¢3H2O, purity: 99.5%), Là ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ glutamic acid, and Rhodamineà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­B (C28H31ClN2O3, purity: 99.5%) were purchased from SigmaAldrich and were used without further purification. Deionized water was used for all synthesis and posttreatment processes. In a typical synthesis, 0.645 g Cu(NO3)2 †¢3H2O and 0.05g glutamic acid were dissolved in 75 ml absolute ethanol stirred until Cu(NO3)2 †¢3H2O was completely dissolved to form a navyà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­biue solution. After filtered with the filter paper, the filtrate was then transferred into a stainless steel autoclave with a Teflon liner of 100 ml capacity and heated at 160 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for different time. After cooling at room temperature, the product was centrifuged, washed with deionized water and absolute ethanol several times and dried in an oven at 60 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 12 h. 2.2 Characterization Xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify product phases and cprresponding crystallite size. XRD patterns were obtained using a D8 Xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS, German) with CuKÃŽ ±1 radiation (ÃŽ » = 1.5406 Ã…). The accelerating voltage, emission current, and scanning speed were 40 kV, 49 mA and 0.02à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯/s, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed with a S3400 SEM (Rili, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was conducted using a Tecnai G20 microscope at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of the samples were recorded on a Nicolet Forier 5700 spectrometer in the range of 400-4000 cm-1 using conventional KBr pellets. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the samples were measured at room temperature with a Hiachi FLà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer, with an excitation wavelength of 315 nm, the scanning spee d is 1200 nm/min, and a PMT voltage of 700 V. The width of the excitation slit and emission slit was 5 nm. For thermal analysis, 10 mg of the dried Cu2O powders was used in TGà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­DTA thermal analyzer (Pyris Diamond TG/DTA) at a heating rate of 10à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯C/min from 20 to 800 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯C in an inert gas atmosphere. 2.3 Photocatalytic performance Photocatalytic activity of the Hollow Cu2O Microspheres was evaluated by the degradation RhB aqueous solution under a 15 W ultraviolet lamp at room temperature (ca. 20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™). In each experiment, 0.04 mg of the prepared powders were dispersed in 30 ml of RhB aqueous solution with a concentrstion of 1.0Ãâ€"10-5 M in a rectangle cell (52W Ãâ€" 155L Ãâ€" 30H mm), and the solution was placed in the dark for 30min before illumination to ensure the establishment of an adsorption-desorption equilibrium between the photocatalyst powders and RhB. Then the solution was irradiated with a 30 mW/cm2 UV light (ÃŽ »=365 nm), and during irradiation about 3 ml of the suspension was taken from the mixture at regular intervals (20 min) and centrifuged to separate the photocatalyst particles. To determine the degree of degradation the supernatants was analyzed by a UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­vis spectrophotometer (Uà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­3010) to measure the concentration of RhB which exhibits characteristi c absorption at 554 nm [11] 2.4 Analysis of hydroxyl radical ( ·OH) The formation rates of hydroxyl radicals ( ·OH) on the surface of the UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­illuminated Cu2O were performed by a photoluminescence (PL) method using terephthalic acid as a probe molecule method as follows. 0.04 g of Cu2O powder sample was dispersed in a 30 ml of 5 Ãâ€" 10-4 M terephthalic acid aqueous solution with a concentration of 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 M NaOH in a dish with a diameter of about 9.0 cm. The experiment was carried out under UV irradiation using a 15 W ultraviolet lamp (25 cm above the dishes). The average light intensity striking on the surface of the reaction solution was about 30 mW cm-2, as measured by a UV radiometer with the peak intensity of 365 nm. PL spectra of generated luminescent 2à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­hydroxyterephtalic acid (TAOH) were measured on a Hiachi FLà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer. After UV irradiation for every 15 min, the reaction solution was à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ltrated to measure the increase of the PL intensity at 390 nm of TAOH ex cited by 315 nm light. Results and Discussion 3.1 XRD analysis The crystalline structures of the as-prepared samples were examined by Xà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ray diffraction. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of the asà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­prepared samples synthesized with different amounts of glutamic acid. The results illustrate that with increase glutamic acid from 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 0.05 to 0.06 g all the samples appear the sphere Cu2O[JCPDS No, 01à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­1142]. For the samples prepared with the amount of glutamic acid below 0.05 g, the intermediate product copper hydroxynitrate is dominant, but there is a amount of sphere Cu2O found in it. The peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ = 12.8 ° corresponds to the (011) plane diffraction of the copper hydroxynitrate [JCPDS No, 03-0061], with the amount of glutamic acid increase the diffraction peak of copper hydroxynitrate become weaker to disappears and the sphere Cu2O peaks intensities steadily become stronger, implying that glutamic acid acted as a reducing agent in the reaction process. To investigate the growth process of porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres, time-dependent experiments were studied by hydrothermal reaction. Fig. 2 shows that the products obtained at 160 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ with 0.05 g glutamic acid for 2 h are 5à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ÃŽ ¼m hollow microspheres were wellà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­crystallize but still the intermediate product copper hydroà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­xynitrate. With increase reaction time to 24 h, the intermediate product copper hydroxynitrate complete transformed into cubic symmetry Cu2O, no obvious diffraction peaks of impurities were observed, indicating the high purity of the synthesized products. Also the intense and sharp diffraction peaks indicate that well crystallized Cu2O nanocrystalss can be obtained under reaction time is 24 h. But further prolongation of reaction time to 48 h resulted in the intensities of the diffraction pesks of Cu2O are not increase significantly. It can be founded that with increase in reaction time the intensity o f diffraction peaks increased, indicating the improvement in the crystallinity. [8] The diffraction peaks becomes narrower as the reaction time increased, indicating the increase in the crystallite size. 3.2 FTIR Studies. Fig. 4 showed the FTIR spectra of the Cu2O samples synthesized with additi0on of different amount of glutamic acid in the region of 400à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­4000 cm-1, which are relate to IR-active fundamental vibrations of Cu2O itself and vibrations associated with surface adsorbates. The intense vibrational bands at 3000-3600 cm-1 were attributed to Oà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­H stretching vibrations and at ~1635 cm-1 corresponded to Hà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­Oà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­H bending vibration all of surface adsorbed H2O. [30] The bands at 3000-3600 cm-1 was split into two components centered at ~3184 and ~3403 cm-1, corresponding to chemically adsorbed water complexes and physically adsorbed H2O, respectively . Besides, the IR band ~1346 cm-1 and ~1652 cm-1 are assigned to the surface monodentate carbonate-like (CO3) and bicarbonate species (HCO3) vibrational modes that because of adsorbed CO2 from the atmosphere. A metal oxide generally gives absorption bands below ~1000 cm-1 that arises from stretching vibration mode of Mà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­O bond. So the IR-active fundamental vibrations of Cu2O nanocrystals appear in 400à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­1000 cm-1, the band at 456 cm-1 and 633 cm-1 are attributed to the stretching vibrations of Cu1+à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­O bond confirm the formation of Cu2O phase. 3.3 SEM and TEM images. 3.4 Mechanism for the formation of porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres The formation of porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres can be explained by a self-transformation process of the metastable aggregated particles accompanied by the Ostwald ripening [11à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 31].Similar mechanisms have been involved in the preparation of Cu2O, TiO2 and CdMoO4 hollow spheres [31]. The formation of mechanism of porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres in this work is proposed as illustrated as illustrated in Fig. During the Ostwald ripening process in order to reduce the higher surface energy, the crystallites at the central relocate themselves to the shell that formed the hollow structures. [14] Initially in the synthesis process, under the 160 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ hydrothermalconditions the uniform distribution of Cu2+ ions combine with glutamic acid to form Cu2(OH)3NO3 as intermediate hollow microsphereà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­template. The aggregated spherical particles have many voids in the surface, the reducing angent quickly though the channels in the intermedi ate hollow microsphereà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­template precipitate product in the internal surface of the shell form double shells. Also the internal microsphere sueface is loosely with many voids that not used up intermediate would grow third shells on the inner double shells and so on. At last form porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres. With the solvothermal time increase, glutamic acid contributed to the morphological evolution on the microstructure transformation and acted as a reducing agent the copper (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡) reduced to copper (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  ), last cuprous oxide precipitated out because it have a low solubility in ethanol. 3.5 Photocatalytic Activity. The photocatalytic activities of the asà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­prepared porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres were ecaluated by photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye in aqueous solution under UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­light irradiation at room temperature. The RhB characteristic absorption at 554 nm was chosen to monitor the amount of RhB left during photocatalytic degradation process. Fig. 6 shows the UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­vis absorption spectrum of the RhB aqueous solution in the presence of (0.04 g) porous multishell hollow Cu2O microspheres under UVà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­light irradiation. For comparison, the photocatalytic activities of the Cu2O nanoparticles synthesized were all evaluated under the same conditions. It is observed that with time extended the absorption peaks of RhB diminish gradually, indicating the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. During the whole process there is no new absorption peak appear indicates the complete photodegradation of RhB. It can be seen that the samples of use 0.05g glutamic acid at solvothermally treated time increased from 2h to 48h, the degradation rate increase from 8.43% to 35.78%. Among them solvothermally treated 24h show the best performance, which show a 55.3% decrease of RhB after 40 min UV irradiation. Based on the above experimental results, this is not surprising because of the Cu2O band gap is 2.17 eV and it can be excited by photons with wavelengths below 349 nm (our light source is 365 nm UV light). [P2499] Also the unique porous multishell hollow structure which can be considered as an ideal transport way for reactant and product molecules moving in or out of the photocatalyst, making the chemical reactions occurring more quickly and easily. According to the present study nanoparticles size and crystalline nature play an important role in influence the photocatalytic activity.

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Introduction: Dental restorative material is a biomaterial used to restore the shape and function of damaged or missing tooth (caused by caries or trauma). Restorative materials can be divided into two types depending on whether they are designated to be applied directly to the injured tooth or fabricated in the lab firstly. 1. Direct Dental Restoration: Direct restoration means the usage of dental materials to save injured tooths function. A filling is a way to restore a damaged tooth by decay to recover its function and shape again (1). There are several kinds of materials which are used as filling. The right choice is determined by many factors; such as: extent of required repair, cost, having allergies to specific materials, etc Metallic Fillings: Gold fillings: gold has used as filling material. It is prepared in a laboratory and after that it is cemented into required place. Gold inlays are well compatible by gum tissues. Gold is considered the best filling material because it may last more than twenty years (1). However, gold filling often requires many visits to dentist as well as it is the most expensive choice. The following figure is for tooth with gold filling: Fig. (1): Gold filling Amalgam Fillings: first introduction of amalgam was in the United States in 1830, then this material was developed in both England and France. The amalgam fillings consist of silver, copper, zinc, tin and mercury. After starting of using amalgam as filling, controversy arose because of adding the mercury to fillings. At the beginning, this material is not embraced in the USA by the organized dentistry. In 1840, many members of dental surgeons of the American Society refused to use amalgam as filling material(2). In fact, the amount of mercury which was added to fillings was harmful to the health of patients. The mercury exists in filling may seep into the patients system and lead to a number of health concerns, for example: cancers or multiple sclerosis. Therefore, nowadays a lots of precautions have been taken to be sure that amalgam fillings are safe as possible as for patients (3). Generally, amalgam fillings are resistant to wear and inexpensive. But, according to their dark color, they are not desirable like other filling materials as well as they are not used in visible areas, like front teeth. The following figure is for tooth with amalgam filling: Fig. (2):Amalgam filling Non-metallic Fillings: Resin-Based Composite (RBC) fillings: composite fillings are closely to be the same color of natural teeth and these fillings are used where a natural appearance is required. The components are mixed and then placed directly into the tooth cavity, after that they harden. Actually, many experiences have approved that composites are not the ideal filling for large cavities because they may wear over time. As well, composites may become stained from tobacco or drinks like coffee or tea. They do not last more than three to ten years, however, recent research has suggested that the longevity of resin-based composites could be equally to amalgam (4). The following figure is for tooth with composite filling: Fig. (3):Composite filling Porcelain fillings: these fillings could be inlays or onlays. They are produced to order in a dental laboratory and then bonded to the damaged tooth. Porcelain fillings can be resist staining and matched to the natural tooth color. Generally, porcelain restorations cover most of the tooth. However, the cost of these fillings is similar to gold fillings. Glass-ionomer cements/water-based cements: Self-setting which is pure glass ionomers, or light cured which is resin modified glass-ionomers. Glass ionomer restoratives become popular with dentists because of their adhesive properties as well their ease of handling. They are relatively poor in resistance to moisture. These fillings have adequate compressive strength to be used as core build-up. However, flexural strength and fracture toughness of these materials are low. Therefore glass ionomer cements are suitable to place where there is tooth substance remaining to support the filling material and where resistance could be obtained from tooth tissue. Cermet cements do not supply advantages more than glass ionomers and they usually have poor adhesion to tooth structure(5). In general, the longevity of glass-ionomers is lower than that of amalgam or RBCs (4). Long-term temporary fillings; for example: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cements (4). 2. Indirect Dental Restoration: Indirect restorations are prepared in laboratory away from the injured tooth. Indirect restorations include inlays which are intracoronal, crowns and bridges that are extracoronal, or onlays which is considered as a combination of intracoronal- extracoronal. Crowns: Crowns could cover all/ partially the surfaces of tooth. After making a decision which restoration should be done for patient, materials and methods should be determined to begin the fabrication (5). Design and Materials Selection for Indirect Restorations: Gold: For more than 4 thousand years, gold has used as a restorative material in dentistry. The first gold fixed bridges were introduced by Romans and then its dental applications have published widely (6). The selection of restoration type and design will depend on the clinical situation details. However, gold is considered as one of the most efficient restorative material especially as extracoronal. Fig 4,5 show Cast gold crown (7,8). Fig (4): Cast gold crown Fig (5): Cast gold crown Advantages Disadvantages Having a hardness which is similar to the normal enamel Gold crown is fabricated by cast process from molten that may sometimes lead to microgaps at margins which are liable to decay Contours of occlusal and axial are built up clearly in the wax Visibly different from the color of natural teeth long-lasting High sensitivity hot/cold Used for complete/partial tooth coverage. long procedures for preparation (cast) and treatment Avoiding problems caused by using dissimilar metals High cost Porcelain: For many years, porcelain has used as a dental restorative material. Porcelain is a brittle material that requires special treatment for surface, such as: etching and silanisation. Porcelain crowns require restriction to anterior teeth excluding some types such as, Empress II, Inceram and Procera which are considered high-strength ceramics. Advantages Disadvantages Strong hardness of porcelain is more than natural enamel, that may cause damaging to the other natural teeth (for example; clench and grind) Natural looking Small thickness makes porcelain brittle and fracture No conductivity of (heat-cold) More reduction of tooth structure should be done Suitable for metal sensitivity-patients Fig 6 shows porcelain crowns (8). Fig (6): porcelain crowns Porcelain metal: Porcelain metal crowns combine between durability strength of the metal, and good aesthetics of the porcelain, Fig.(7): shows porcelain gold crown (8). Fig (7): Porcelain Gold Crown Advantages Disadvantages Comparing with full porcelain it is Stronger more durable Opacity because of the metal base Better aesthetic than full metal Existence of dark metal edge at the gum line Bonding techniques used are less sensitive than techniques used for full porcelain Porcelain and metal base could separate during use Limitation because of metal allergies of some Patients Composites: Recently, Composites are used widely in dentistry according to their high strength, high wear resistance and less expensive than other materials like: porcelain, gold, or zirconia. As well, composites used in onlay/crowns have permanent form stability comparing with other materials (5). However, sometimes a material less wear-resistant is more favorable to be sacrificial to nature. Fig. (8) shows a composite crown (5): Fig (8):A composite crown Table (1) illustrates comparison of materials used for indirect restoration (9): table (1): Comparison of materials used for crown manufacturing Porcelain Porcelain metal Gold alloys Metal alloys Biocompatibility Well tolerated. some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Well tolerated. Well tolerated, but some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Esthetic natural color translucency limits translucency because of metal. desirable color Durability Brittle Strength is related to bond to underlying. strong durable. High strength toughness Fracture Resistance Weak under tension impact. metal improve the strength. Highly resistant. Wear Resistance Highly resistant, except when porcelain surface becomes rough. Resistant Sensitivity Low thermal conductivity High thermal conductivity Implants: First introduction of dental implants was in the 1960s by Brà ¥nemark. Dental implants are fabricated to replace missing teeth. The chemical and physical properties (composition characteristics of the implant surface and its microstructure, in addition to the design of implant) determine the factors which influence the implant therapy. Many criteria should be achieved such as, strength, biocompatibility, toughness, resistance of wear, corrosion, and fracture. The design principles and the physical properties of the material must be compatible. Table 2 includes materials used to produce dental implants due to their chemical composition (10). Table (2): Chemical composition of implant material Titanium Titanium Alloys: Several metals and metallic alloys including: gold, cobalt chromium, and stainless steel are used to produce dental implants. Last research declare that titanium is the gold standard metal to fabricate dental implants. This material approves long-term survival during experiments (10) and totally inertia to fluids of the mouth (11). Table (3): shows the mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. Table (3): Mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys Material Modulus (GPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Density (g/cc) Type of Alloy Cp Ti grade I 102 240 170 24 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade II 102 345 275 20 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade III 102 450 380 18 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade IV 104 550 483 15 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Ti-6Al-4V- ELI 113 860 795 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-4V 113 930 860 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-7Nb 114 900-1050 880-950 8-15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-5Al-2.5Fe 112 1020 895 15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd 94-99 715-919 693-806 18-28 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr 80 911 864 13.2 4.4 ÃŽÂ ² The ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² alloy is the most commonly used for the manufacturing of dental implants. This alloy is made up of 6% aluminum 4% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) (10). Reports indicate that incidence ranging of titanium implant fracture from 0% to 6%,on the other hand, it is an uncommon occurrence. Fig (9): shows the titanium implant fracture. Fig (9): Titanium implant fracture. Recently, there are some concerns that titanium could evoke an undesirable host reaction; however, little evidence is available about that. Ceramics First introduction of ceramics to dental implants were in the form of coatings onto metal-based implants. They were used to improve osseointegration. Recently, various forms of ceramic coatings have been used for dental implants. Table 4 illustrates ceramic materials used as dental implants (10): Table 4: Ceramic materials used as dental implants Material Chemical Composition Hydroxylapatite (HA) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²,Ca3(PO4)2 Fluorapatite (FA) Ca10(PO4)6F2 Tetracalcium phosphate Ca4P2O9 Calcium pyrophosphate Ca4P2O7 Brushite CaHPO4, CaHPO4 ·2H2O Bioglasses SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P205-MgO, Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Zirconium oxide ZrO2 Zirconia is the most favorable among oxide ceramics according to its excellent mechanical properties. Yttria stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) materials exhibits high corrosion wear resistance, in addition to its high flexural strength (800 to 1000 MPa) comparing with other dental ceramics (10). An understanding of the bio-mechanical failure modes of zirconia implants is essential so that an optimal zirconia implant design can be developed. Based on more fundamental studies in the biomaterials science field, the physical mechanism of ceramic implant failure can be either chemical and/or mechanical in nature. Mechanical failure can occur either during the surgical placement of the implant or subsequent functional loading. Clinical examples of fracture modes of zirconia implants are shown in fig. 10,11: Fig (10): zirconia implant fractured during surgery Fig (11): zirconia implant fractured after loading. References: 1. Colgate. Oral Care Centre, 2016. Weblog. Available from: http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/procedures/fillings/article/what-is-a-filling 2. WOLFE B. Energetic Healthcare and Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://www.drwolfe.com/dentistry/mercury_fillings 3. The 123 Community Dentist Network. The History of Dental Fillings, 2013. Weblog. Available from: The History of Dental Fillings 4. Report of the meeting convened at World Health Organization. Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration. Switzerland, 2009. 5.. Restoration of teeth (complex restorations) 6. KNOSP H., HOLLIDAY R. J., CORTI C.W..Gold in Dentistry: Alloys, Uses and Performance,2003. 7. Donaldson J. A. The Use of Gold in Dentistry, AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. PART I, 1980. 8. RICH M.A Comparison of Dental Crown Materials. Health Centered Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://drmartharich.com/resources/a-comparison-of-dental-crown-materials 9.American Dental Association. Oral Health Topics- Dental Materials. Weblog. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/dental-materials 10. OSMAN R. B., SWAIN M. V. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia, 2015. 11. CROITORU S. M., MIHAILESCU I. N., POPOVICI I. A. Materials and Technologies Used in Present Dental Implants Manufacturing, 2014.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Thomas Paine In September of 1776, on the outskirts of Newark, among the tired, discouraged, soldiers, as they paused from their daily retreat, sat Thomas Paine. He wrote many papers that would have a major effect on the outcome of the quest for independence. Born the son of a Quaker Laymaker on January 29th, 1737 at Thetford, Norfolk England. He received a basic elementary education, and started to work for his father as an apprentice, and later as an excise officer. He was not a huge success at either, and was in fact fired twice from the job as an excise officer. When he arrived in Philadelphia on November 30th 1774, he was sick and feverish, and had to be carried on a stretcher. With a letter of recommendation from Ben Franklin, he was accepted into a hospital and given special care, until he recovered. With that same letter from Ben Franklin, he found many doors opened for him, including jobs tutoring many of the sons of the wealthiest men in Philadelphia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paine started over again, by publishing African Slavery In America, in the spring of 1775, in which he criticized slavery in America as being unjust and inhumane. At about this same time, he became the co-editor for the Pennsylvania Magazine. When he arrived in Philadelphia, Paine noticed the tension, and the rebellious attitude, that was continually getting larger, after the Boston Tea Party. In Paine's opinion, the Colonies had all the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them, and which did not give them the right of representation in the Parliament at Westminster. Then he went one massive step further, he decided there was no reason for the Colonies to stay dependent on England. He published his opinions in the American independence pamphlet Common Sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Common Sense Paine states that sooner or later Independence from England must come, because America had lost touch with the mother country. He felt that the function of government in society was to only be a regulator, and thus pretty simple. His strong beliefs made him a major influence on the Declaration Of Independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He joined General Washington in his battle against General Howe in the War of Independence. Where he motivated many downhearted soldiers who needed reassurance. The retreating of General Washington's army was a slow, daily affair. Being an Englishman himself, Paine knew that the British enemy, would not take the Revolutionary Army seriously and was familiar with tactics of the English Army, and could advise the Revolutionary Army of what was to be expected. The English were polite in the way that they did not attack at night.

Robert E. Lee Essay -- essays research papers

The battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 1 through July 3, 1863, considered by most military historians the turning point in the American Civil War (Johnson 84). The Battle of Gettysburg was a decisive engagement in that it arrested the Confederates’ second and last major invasion of the North, destroyed their offensive strategy, and forced them to fight a defensive war in which the slowness of their manufacturing capacity and transportation facilities doomed them to defeat (McPherson 25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Army of the Potomac, under the Union general George Gordon Meade, numbered about 85,000; the Confederate army, under General Robert E. Lee, numbered about 75,000 (Johnson 90). After the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2 to 4, an important victory for the Confederates, Lee divided his army into three corps, commanded by three lieutenant generals: James Longstreet, Richard Stoddert Ewell, and Ambrose Powell Hill (Johnson 91). Lee then formulated a plan for invading Pennsylvania, hoping to avert another federal offensive in Virginia and planning to fight if he could get the federal army into a vulnerable position; he also hoped that the invasion might increase Northern war-weariness and lead the North to recognize the independence of the Confederate States of America (Johnson 85). In pursuit of this plan, Lee crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains, proceeded up the Shenandoah Valley, and, crossing Maryland, entered Pennsylvania (Clark 86). Upon learning federal troops were north of the Potomac, Lee decided to concentrate his whole army at Gettysburg (Clark 86). On June 30, Confederate troops from General Hill’s corps, on their way to Gettysburg, saw federal troops that Meade had moved down to intercept the Confederate army (McPherson 102). The Battle began on July 1 outside of Gettysburg with an encounter between Hill’s advance brigades and the federal cavalry division commanded by Major General John Buford, supported by infantry under Major General John Fulton Reynolds (McPherson 103). Hill encountered stubborn resistance, and the fighting was undecided until Ewell arrived from the north in the afternoon. The Confederates pushed against General Oliver Howard’s corps and forced the federal troops to retreat from their forward positions to Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Ridge, southeast of Gettysb... ... captured or missing (Johnson 91).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee retreated west and southwest through Hagerstown, Maryland and into Virginia. Imboden’s wagon train, composing of wagons and ambulances, stretched for over 17 miles (Johnson 190). Meade considered pursuit, but determined that the defensive nature of the Appalachian passes prohibited full pursuit (Johnson 191). Meade did harass Lee’s retreat, which resulted in minor skirmishes and capture of various Confederate units, but did not materialize (Johnson 191). Meade’s decision not to pursue Lee angered Lincoln, who expected a decisive victory (Johnson 192). Also, the lack of vigorous pursuit showed Meade as being too cautious. Lee hurting from Gettysburg, was forced to return to Virginia. The war was far from over and lasted another 2 years (Johnson 192).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gettysburg Address, a famous speech, was delivered later that year by United States president Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (McPherson 192). He presented it in dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery honoring those who died in the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg.

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. :: English Literature

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett has been writing, performing and directing since his first theatrical encounters as a student at Oxford in the early 1960's. He first gained success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and later, in collaboration with Dudley Moore, Peter Cooke and Jonathan Miller, enjoyed considerable acclaim with the original Beyond the Fringe. (www.museum.tv. Accessed 26/01/03) Alan Bennett is the archetypal Northerner, his bespeckled, dour appearance make him an unlikely celebrity and he would not look out of place as a slightly muddled professor or, as Bennett himself observes, a vicar. He says on the subject of appearances 'people often end up doing what the mirror tells them they are suited for, while feeling themselves quite different inside. And in the process whole lives are thrown away' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Bennett writes about ordinary people, involved in mundane activities, but with his unique style he can liven up the dullest tale and add interest to life's lonely outcasts. Although the stories in Talking Heads are fiction, it is easy to see that some are influenced from events in Bennett's early life. His mother suffered from depression and he uses his experience of mental illness as a core for some of his characters. As he says, the people he writes about are 'part of a story to the meaning of which they are not entirely privy' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) A reflection of Bennett's own sexuality can be seen in the character of Graham in A Chip in the Sugar, who is portrayed as an uncomfortable homosexual. Bennett described his sexuality during an interview in the New Yorker in 1993 thus 'I'd always been in love with guys but always unhappily' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Although not included in the collections of Talking Heads, the concept actually started with 'A Woman of No Importance', which was first televised in 1982. It began the trend that Bennett carried on in both Talking Heads 1 and 2. Both of these compilations contain works with similar themes running through them, loneliness, unhappiness, alienation from a changed society, and vague mental illness. The ironic wit Bennett uses to convey the almost tragic stories are central to how the characters accept the way their lives have turned out (www.museum.tv. Accessed 21/01/03) The theme of loneliness and alienation from a changed society runs like a thread through all six of the first Talking Heads stories. Each of the characters portray a struggle to 'fit in' with everyday life, some are alone and lonely, and some in a relationship of some kind, yet still lonely. The gentle humour used in each of the tales makes

Henry David Thoreau Essay

â€Å"Simplify! was Thoreau’s motto† in his life (Stanley 20). He showed people how to live simple life by living a simple life in Walden. Due to Thoreau’s efforts and works on nature people considers a nature an important part in their lives, as a result nature became one of the top topics in 21st century. Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817, in Concord, Massachusetts (Meltzer 11). His parents were John Thoreau and Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau (12). Henry had three siblings named Helen, John Jr. and Sophia (12). The Thoreau family continuously moved to different places in search for better living conditions (11). Henry’s father John had difficulties finding a job (13). He eventually started a very famous pencil making business (13). Henry’s parents named him David Henry Thoreau, â€Å"after his uncle David Thoreau† (Stanley 16). Thoreau changed his name to Henry David Thoreau (Olson 14). He changed his name because â€Å"people called him Henry† (Stanley 16). Henry and his siblings went to same school (Stanley 16). First, they went to school called â€Å"Concord’s Public Grammar School† (16). At his school all students for all grades, â€Å"sat together on hard benches† (16). Although Henry’s family could not really afford a private school, Henry still went to private school named â€Å"Concord academy† (16). He went to Concord academy from age eleven until sixteen (16). He was very quite child at school, as he often did not play games with children (Olson 30). Henry had many nicknames like â€Å"Judge† and â€Å"the fine scholar with big nose† (30-32). These nicknames came from children at his school because he did not join in their play (30-32). Since he was born, he was very interested in nature and natural phenomena (Olson 33). At age eleven, he wrote famous piece of writing about seasons (Meltzer 15). The writing about the seasons stated like this: The Seasons Why do the seasons change? And Why Does Winter’s stormy brow appear? Is it the word of him on high? Who rules the changing varied year? (15) Henry went to Harvard University for college education (Olson 34). He was not interested in going to college as he barely passes his entrance exams for Harvard; he thought he might work as a carpenter (34). In college, his interest in writing and poetry grew especially with poems of English poets such John Milton, William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer (35). In Harvard university, William Ellery Channing became Henry’s one of the best friend (35). Later Henry realized that William Ellery Channing was the one who helped him towards his writing (35). In college, Henry started to read many books from college library (Stanley 17). On August 30, 1837, Henry graduated from Harvard University (Olson 37). After graduating from Harvard University Henry did not knew what to do for living (Stanley 18). He was usually was call upon to do land surveying but he thought it was not a great profession although he had a skill to do land surveying (17). Ralph Waldo Emerson was Henry’s great friend and mentor as Henry got many ideas from Emerson towards his writing (Olson 9). Emerson also allowed Henry to live in his house until Henry has some job to do (Stanley 18). While living with Emerson, Henry was introduced to,† Concord’s elite circle of writers and philosophers† (18). While living with Emerson, Henry thought, he needed to do something in order for living so he did, â€Å"odd jobs like gardening and fence mending† (8). Emerson held informal meeting at his house in which the group of writers and philosophers were welcomed to attend (Olson 27). Henry was also present during these meetings (27). Transcendentalists were the people who used to attend these meeting (Stanley 18). They talked about topics such as political, cultural and regional etc (Olson 27). These Transcendentalists were concerned about, â€Å"society’s materialism† (Stanley 18). â€Å"They believed each person is born with an inner voice, or conscience, and those who live simple lives, close to nature, can hear the inner voice more clearly† (18). These Transcendentalists people keep their journals with them for writing their ideas and works (19). The Transcendentalists influenced Henry so much that he came up with this famous quote, â€Å"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music he hears however measured or far away† (19). After college, Thoreau gave many lectures in Concord Lyceum (Stanley 87). On April 11, 1838, Thoreau made his first lecture in Concord Lyceum (Olson 43). His topic of first lecture was â€Å"Society† (43). On 1838, Lyceum elected Henry as secretary and curator but due to various reasons, he only held these positions until December 1840 (43). Thoreau wrote and read many lectures about Nature while working in Concord Lyceum (Stanley 8). Thoreau disliked slavery as in Concord Lyceum he lectured against it in his lecture, â€Å"Slavery in Massachusetts† (Woodlief). Thoreau also supported John Brown efforts in ending slavery as he told in front of Concord Lyceum in his lecture, â€Å"A Plea for Captain John Brown† (Woodlief). Henry David Thoreau gave nineteen lectures in Concord Lyceum (Stanley 87-88). Henry was not paid anything for lecturing in Concord Lyceum (88). When Emerson said town and people of Concord Lyceum about fees people started giving fees (88). Due to Emerson help, fifty dollars was paid to Thoreau because of his lectures that he spoke (88). Thoreau’s fees in Concord Lyceum were always low (88). Thoreau did not care about fees in Concord Lyceum, as he only wanted to help people and show them right path (88). In 1847, Thoreau worked as land surveyor (Meltzer 86). Thoreau was appointed surveyor-in-chief by Concord (86). As a surveyor-in-chief, Thoreau has to do many jobs such as, â€Å"to lay out roads, walk the bounds with town officials, and supply the technical documents for lawsuits involving his craft† (86). Thoreau left his land surveying paper after his death. (86). His land paper were so complete that it included every farm in town (87). Most of Thoreau’s surveys were made between 1849 and 1861 (87). According to Meltzer the survey made between 1849 and 1861 were about two hundred. These surveys are still found in Concord Free Public Library (87). Thoreau was able to make more than one hundred and fifty land surveys (87). Most of the Thoreau’s surveys were made in Concord but some were in different cities (87). Even modern land surveyors who use modern technologies and tools appreciate Thoreau’s work (87). They said his work as a land surveyor was phenomenal (87). Modern surveyors made surveys of Walden Pond could not disproves, â€Å"Thoreau conclusion† about Walden Pond, â€Å"made only from a string and a stone† (87). Thoreau as a talent land surveyor he made the map of Walden (Olson 80). Thoreau was very conservative when it came to land and because of him, government made the, â€Å"National Park Service (NPS) in 1916† (81). The National Park Service was more than fifty million acres (81). It, â€Å"became important part of America’s conservative effort† (81). The National Park Service â€Å"preserves natural resources and save the nation’s forest for future generations† (81). After studying in college, Henry David Thoreau tried to teach schools in Concord (Stanley 18). After two weeks of teaching schools, Henry David Thoreau was fired because, â€Å"he was expected to flog children if they were bad† (18). So as a teacher Henry David Thoreau was not successful†(18).   After college, Thoreau also worked in his father’s pencil making business (Woodlief). Although Thoreau worked in his father’s pencil, making business he really did not wanted to join him in his pencil making business due to various reasons (Stanley 18). In 1838 Henry’s brother John and he himself, â€Å"took over Concord Academy† (18). In Concord academy they started to teach students as they,† introduced many new ideas in education† (18). In Concord academy, â€Å"John and Henry took students for weekly nature walks to observe animals and plants so that they would learn through discoveries and firsthand experience† (18). Henry and his brother were very profitable in running Concord Academy (18). The academy closed in 1840 due to John’s sickness (18). The Concord Academy was very successful when John and Henry ran it (18). In 1843, when Henry David Thoreau was twenty-six years old, â€Å"he believed he was ready to make literature his profession† (Meltzer 53). Henry’s first writing work came in the periodical named Dial published by Hedge Club (Olson 48). In his first work, he wrote a poem named â€Å"Sympathy† (48). The poem was about Thoreau’s friend Edmund Sewall, â€Å"a young friend whose free and pure spirit Thoreau admired† (48). Margaret Fuller was the first editor of Dial (48). She remained editor of Dial from 1840 to 1842 (50). Tension between Thoreau and the editor Margaret Fuller began as later Margaret Fuller rejected many essays and articles written by Thoreau (48). Margaret Fuller also rejected Thoreau’s essay, which was about, â€Å"four-day walk Thoreau took with Fuller brother, Richard† (48). Thoreau was rumored to like Margaret Fuller and wanted to marry her (48-50). In 1842, Emerson became editor of Dial as a result Thoreau’s essay was more published in Dial (50). Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay on nature in an edition of Dial called â€Å"Natural History of Massachusetts† (50). In 1844, Thoreau wrote his last essay in the edition of Dial (97). In 1839, Henry and his brother went for a trip together (Olson 53). Their trip was to sail from Concord River to Merrimack River (53). For going on this trip, they needed transportation system, so they made a boat called Musketaquid (53). Musketaquid is a Native American name for Concord River (53). The boat they made was fifteen ft in length and three feet in width. This trip provides material was Thoreau’s book A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (53). On the trip Henry went with his journal to write down ideas and notes about the trip (Stanley 15). Henry David Thoreau published his notes for the book A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers ten years after the trip (16). During the trip, the friendship between Henry and John grew, as they became more and more close (Olson 55). For the past few years, Henry and John used to hate each other, as they wanted to marry same woman named Ellen Sewall (55). Although Henry wanted to marry Ellen Sewall, he never got married to anyone (6). In 1849 Henry’s, book A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers was published. The book was not that popular when it was published as only two hundred twenty copies of that book was sold when it was published but in the modern times the book got more and more popular (53). Shortly after the trip, Henry’s brother John died on January 11, 1842, from lockjaw, which was caused by cut while John was shaving (Woodlief). After John’s death Henry was, â€Å"freed to become what he really wanted to be: a writer who embraced the transcendentalist notion of the self-reliant man† (Olson 57). On July 4, 1845, when Thoreau was 27 years old he started living near Walden Pond (Stanley 20). The Walden Pond became the sight of his famous book Walden or Life in the Woods (Olson 58). Henry David Thoreau admired Walden Pond and it beauty when he was very young (Burleigh 6). Thoreau book Walden or Life in the Woods was based on the beauty of nature as many of Thoreau’s work came from nature (6). Near Walden Pond, â€Å"he often walk and sees the animals, river and trees, all beauties of nature and writes it’s down in his journal† (6). Walden or Life in the Woods was a book that described lifestyle of Henry after returning from Concord to Walden Pond and how he spent his life near Walden Pond (Olson 60). Near Walden Pond Thoreau built up his own cabin (Woodlief). Thoreau’s cabin was built on the land owned by Emerson (Woodlief). While living in Walden Thoreau did extensive amount of reading and writing (Woodlief). While living in Walden Thoreau looked up the nature very closely (Woodlief). While living in Walden Thoreau just saw the nature all day long (Burleigh 10). While living near Walden Thoreau, â€Å"wanted to get so close to nature that he became one with it† (10). Henry went to Walden because he wanted to prove himself (14). â€Å"He wanted to show that someone could live very, very simply† (14). Thoreau went to Walden, as he wanted to enjoy his life (16). Thoreau didn’t like any luxuries in his life, as he wanted to be as simple as he could (16). At Walden, he lived very simple life as he with only forty-seven dollars he provided himself with food, clothing and shelter (Olson 60). In Walden, Thoreau made a desk for himself in which he wrote Walden or Life in the Woods and his famous essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (Meltzer 85). Thoreau got his intelligence from, â€Å"natural world and the experiences of his life† (13). Walden or Life in the Woods was the last book that he published and it was the last book published before his death (61). Walden or Life in the Woods was not that popular on its publication and did not make a lot of money but it was one of the famous works of American literature (12). After returning from Walden Thoreau had very tough time in Concord (Olson 65). Henry David Thoreau got imprisonment for not paying his poll tax for last several years (66). He refused to pay his poll taxes because he was against Mexican War as he thought it was another way to extend slavery in U.S (Meltzer 77).Sam Staples was the constable who arrested Thoreau (66). Sam offered to give money for Thoreau but he rejected (Olson 66). Thoreau got so angry that he asked Staples to quit from his job as a constable (66). Thoreau was surprised to find out the conditions of jail in which he was (68). He said, â€Å"it was the neatest apartment in town† (68). While Thoreau was in the jail, that night a woman came and paid poll taxes for Thoreau (Meltzer 76). The woman who came neither told who she was nor shared her identity (76). Some people thought that woman who came was the Thoreau’s aunt Marla (76). When Thoreau was free to go, he refused it and was â€Å"mad as the devil!† (77). In the jail, Thoreau started to write his essay called â€Å"Resistance to Government† later called â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (77). Many of Thoreau ideas in his essay were shares by many abolitionists (Olson 71). As always Thoreau essay got little popularity in the beginning (Meltzer 79). In 1866, four years after Thoreau’s death his essay was renamed as â€Å"Civil Disobedience (79). In his essay he said, â€Å"that a law should be respected not because it is a law, but only if it is just and right. If unjust laws exist, civil disobedience, such as refusing to pay taxes, is an effective way to oppose and change them† (80). Thoreau thought there were two types of laws, conscience laws and government laws and â€Å"when these two laws conflict, it’s citizen duty to obey the voice of conscience rather than that of government† (81). Many people were influenced by Thoreau because his essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and not paying his poll taxes (â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau†). Among these people were two great leaders known as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. (Meltzer 81). As people were influenced by Thoreau, during Vietnam War four hundred and forty eight writers didn’t pay their poll taxes and protested against them (â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau†). During their protest, they had two major points (â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau†). The first point was, â€Å"None of us voluntarily will pay the proposed ten percent surcharged or any war designated tax increase† (â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau†). Their second point was, â€Å"Many of us will not pay that twenty three percent of our current income tax which is being used to finance the war† (â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau†). In Thoreau’s last twenty years, he began his observation about vegetation in Concord (Gray). Thoreau’s goal was, â€Å"to find God in nature† (Gray). Henry got his goal about nature from his mind and from Emerson (Gray). After leaving Walden, Thoreau tried to find scientific things in nature (Gray). In 1999, Thoreau book Wild Fruit was published (Gray). The book was imprint because of Thoreau’s friend Bradley Dean (Gray). The manuscript of this book was â€Å"neatly stacked and wrapped at time of his death† (Gray). The manuscript of the book was lost many times because of change of owners of Thoreau’s house and due to it bad handwriting (Gray). This book was written as Thoreau took notes on each plant in order, which they grew (Gray). In that book, the sentences were mainly poetic (Gray). In the book, he asks people to pay close attention to fruit grown by nature (Gray). In the book he take stand against destruction of environment especially wilderness (Gray). The advised Thoreau made during the book was to, â€Å"let us try to keep the New World new† (Gray). His advised is being taken a century later (Gray). After writing this book Thoreau traveled to Main Woods and Cape Cod very often as traveling there he was interested in Native American and their frontiers (Woodlief). In 1860, Thoreau got a cold as the symptoms of tuberculosis such as cold created problems for him (Olson 84). Tuberculosis also created problems for his family as Henry’s elder sister who was a schoolteacher died of tuberculosis (Meltzer 12). Even with cold, he lectured in lyceum in Waterbury, Connecticut (Olson 84). Thoreau’ cold felt worse after the lecture â€Å"as he found that his deepened into bronchitis† (84). Later his cold and health got much worse (84). On May 1861, he planned to go to trip to Minnesota in order to study plants (84). The trip was not fully completed due to Thoreau’s bad health (86). Thoreau thought his end of his live was very near (86). In September 1861, he made his last visit to Walden (86). On November 3, 1861, Thoreau made his one last final entry in his journal (86). Thoreau last words before his death was, â€Å"Moose and Indian† (Woodlief). Henry David Thoreau died on May 6, 1862 at the age of forty-four years (Meltzer 145). Henry left his essays and his two books after his death (Woodlief). Henry also left his huge journal after his death, which was later published in twenty volumes (Woodlief). After Thoreau’s death, his friend Emerson and Luisa May Alcott wrote memorials for him (Woodlief). Emerson memorial was, â€Å"Emerson eulogy† and May’s memorial was, â€Å"Thoreau’s Flute† (Woodlief). â€Å"Thoreau is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts. The cemetery also contains the graves of authors such as Louisa May Alcott and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Thoreau long time friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson is also buried in the cemetery† (Olson 87). Although Henry David Thoreau was very simple, he gave many things to people in this world that people can benefit from. His works on nature forced people to realize that our nature was something as people benefited from Thoreau’s work almost a century later (Olson 88). Works Cited Burleigh, Robert. A Man Named Thoreau. New York: Atheneum, 1985. Gray, Paul. â€Å"Unregarded Berries.† Time 29 November 1999. 18 May 2009 Meltzer, Milton. A Biography Henry David Thoreau. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. Olson, Steven P. Henry David Thoreau American Naturalist, Writer, And Transcendentalists. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2006. â€Å"Part Way with Thoreau.† Time 9 February 1968. 5 May 2009 Stanley, Phyllis M. American Environmental Heroes. New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc, 1996. Woodlief, Ann. â€Å"Henry David Thoreau.† American Transcendentalism Web. 26 June 2007. 19 May 2009

Advertising, through the ages has evolved to be a very powerful tool that can shape identities and personalities of consumers regardless of age, culture or sex

Advertising has, one expression or a nonher shaped my individuality and personality. I a alike score to concord that because of my exposure to ad, I have achieved a certain status in my neighborhood. I play basketball(a) during my past time, and I became popular in town not nevertheless because of my skill but also because of the Nike billet that I wear.Nike is the worlds leading supplier of athletic place and app arl. I premier heard of Nike when I was a kid, in T.V commercials of former basketball player Michael Jordan promoting the situation.Being an NBA sports fan and a basketball aficionado, the commercials intrigue me into nerve-racking out the shoes he is endorsing. The s I bought my pair of Nike shoes and paraded it in school, I saw my classmates in land up awe after collaring me exhausting the shoes for the first time. I was bombarded with questions like how much does it cost or where it was bought.Also, when I play basketball using the utter shoes, I also earned especial(a) attention from the flock who be ceremony the game because of my footwear.Aside from that I groundwork smell out that I can do things that Jordan does (high transitory dunks, higher jumping ability) just by wearing the shoes he endorsed, oddly when dunking the ball from the free throw crease which was made famous by Michael Jordan during the sleep together dunk contest (though I have not yet accomplished it).When comparability it to other shoes, I can see that Nike has the edge because of its dimensions. I note that the shoes are lighter than other brands as what Jordan swears it to be. During a game of basketball, which usually requires snitch running, I can feel that the shoes weight does not affect my speed.Another definitive feature is the durability of the shoes, in which it can last for years even if I frequently use it during basketball games. buy shoes that can be damaged easily can cause excitation and even injuries. I also feel that buyin g another brand bequeath compromise quality and that I whitethorn acquire an injury if my shoes, for example is on a lower floor the standards that of Nike. With proper care, Nike shoes can be your companion for life.With its features and other types (running shoes, tennis shoes), all sports enthusiast will, like me, be constantly loyal to the brand. I can regularize that whenever I am wearing Nike shoes, I feel that I am bust than other people, oddly when playing basketball. The shoes ca-ca my self-esteem a boost.Advertising, in reality is designed to attract people into buying particular products. only if these days, consumers are very wise with regards to spending their hard-earned money. An advertisement full of fluff is easily recognized by them.Consumers know what they want and are not easily convinced especially when an advertisement is just luring them into spending. To meet their standards, announce also stepped-up into the next level. It has become more than crea tive, truthful and warm.My relationship with my Nike shoes is increase strong. Michael Jordan may have influenced this fetish of mine. But in the end, I can ordinate that my loyalty is due to the reason that through time, I have come to uphold the things they say in the ads. And because of this, I give my loyalty only to Nike shoes and only to it.ReferenceSage, Alexandria (June 26, 2008). Nike profit up but shares break on U.S. concerns. Reuters. http//uk.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUKWNAS924120080626. Retrieved 2008-07-10.Jordan and Wilkins Battle for hit it up Title. NBAs Greatest Moments nba.com (website)http//www.nba.com/history/1988slamdunk_moments.html

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know from where our kids are but we must first think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a static mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s few more than that. But I still oppose just giving a more basic phone.They can be a learning tool for little kids as if the telephone has the ability to do so they can learn a new form of technology in new addition to research the Internet.I believed that using cell cellular phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t organic matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they what are in class, they do it anyway. They often send full text messages to each other and this can distract how them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likel y to be another student. Many people call this the new way of mere passing notes.Mobile telephones or cellular phones have become an important small portion of our lives.

Some also think that the long fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely how that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt deeds that cell phones do not improve elementary school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone many attempts to contact people at once. how This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities.Cellphones offer convenience.They give platforms of communicating.Mobile phones free play a part in our everyday lives.

Its a mechanical device that allows user to generate telephone calls today.Cell mobile phones arent low-cost.Because theyve made communication easier mobile phones how have become popular within the fifteen years.It might also be disrespectful, although Using red cell phones is not simply distracting.

Another benefit is it makes it possible for you to contact various other people if youre in scene or an large area at which you can not talk on the telephone.Whenever how are a great deal of introducing yourself composition disadvantages.A number of teenagers old keep trying as a means.Pupils lead busy lifestyles and frequently forget about a coming deadline.

Common Stereotypes in Society Essay

As a society, we prevail to class. Whether our given is repair or injure, whatsoeverwhat vernacular stereo platefuls ar quiet authentic as loyalty no depend how often quantify turn tincture forward in that location is proving a nonher(prenominal) refer of view. ternary super C stomps I realise argon those that get treat women, moroses and their kip d testify of hot up indistinctly int eoncting massive particle and the major power of honest-to-god population teaching unconnected dustups. galore(postnominal) of these stamps be reinforced by stopping points and what is unremarkably adjoinn at bottom their culture. These classifys concent govern relieve oneself a broad perpetual movement on the multitude that ar judged by the stump and a persistent dogged offspring on the intuition of those throng.When virtu whollyy plurality venture near an mistreated cleaning lady, numerous an opposite(prenominal) see the woman with a dusky spunk not realizing that debase is more than than(prenominal) than physiological. oral and rational horror be a deal use to condition the victim. In umpteen cases, physical poke fun is the last c exclusivelyed and communicative and ami equal to(p) profane is the depression type introduced. Although in that location argon umpteen shelters and agencies uncommitted to handle women, m whatever(prenominal) bank that these women be as well white-lipped to go the human relationship and atomic number 18 fiendish for both nurture villainy they suffer because they didnt die or augur the police. On the contrary, more than 77 pct of them had self-reported to the police. (Barrett, B. , Nov 2011).In the cases when the women invite nestlingren, some an(prenominal) c each(prenominal) up that they ride out because they do not pay the elbow room to go a appearance for their family if they submit the home. ground on a handbook by the Santa C lara Probation department, victims of internal hysteria ensue their abuser sevener cartridge clips on modal(a) in the beginning they atomic number 18 up to(p) to stupefy on their knowledge (Prophet, T. , 2006). some of the handle women ar presumed as namby-pamby and state in general, do not indispensableness to function a weak mortal because they exit more than possible go furthertocks to the mooring they were merely helped out of. in that location atomic number 18 m all a(prenominal) shelters ready(prenominal) and the documentation require is extraordinary collectable to the old mentioned fear. The guerrilla prevalent stereotype is that all Black mountain like fry grumbler. I was taught in schoolhouse that any line that expresses that all of any social occasion is unquestionably a glowering statement. This stereotype was started a ample magazine ago, and is probably associated with situations cerebrate to striverry. The intimately transparent description derives from the historic event that hot up volaille dishes were familiar in slave homes on Confederate plantations.In many cases, icterics were the entirely stock animals that slaves were permitted to elevate on their own (Bering, J. (2011). This expert proves that the fountain hot up fearful is associated with Afri ordure Americans is not because they realize got intercourse the fodder so more but it was the whole resource they had when it came to what was availbe to them. The opposite mind thither is much(prenominal) a blackball connotation associated with heat up cowardly is because the slavery era itself was not a straightforward while for African Americans (Bering, J. 2011).As an unwholesome and loud forage, deep- fried sensationalistic invokes images of poverty, ignorance, s considerh, and another(prenominal) antiblack associations (Bering, J. 2011). non entirely is the mention of fried chicken and African America ns considered veto, it has overly been viewed as racist. Advertisers expect to tilt their commercial messages towards the African American community of interests when advertisement for fried chicken. bloody shame J. Blige line up a lot of firing for be in a Burger fagot commercial announce their recent curt Strips Tortilla Wraps. The commercial was ultimately pulled from rotary motion out-of-pocket to the take place received. another(prenominal) proud indite individuals cast off excessively been targeted by the chicken industry, including prexy Obama. Although its no cloistered that these bulk do savor fried chicken, associating these the great unwashed with the food generated a nix or racial tone. in that location is zippo wrong with these stack like fried chicken, as there are many other racial groups that excessively enchant this cuisine. The ternion plebeian stereotype would be the thought that quondam(a) full-growns pass on make believe a harder time reading immaterial dustups when compared to junior children. one of the reasons for this stereotype can be attributed to the old big(a) and the teacher, they drop doubts more or less their might to teach a outside address. Although near pack arrive at real the generalisation of training as the younger the erupt (Schleppegrell, M. , 1987), this is not the case when it comes to teaching language. in that respect own been studies that have resolved that senescent does not pooh-pooh a psyches nurture major power. The way aged adults collect a refreshing science is the however adjustments that invite to be made. These studies as well check off that old(a) adults mold at a more quick rate than children (Krashen, Long, and Scarcella, 1979). in that location are two reasons why cosmos a slimy language bookman is attributed to adults, and those are a possible action of the witticism and how it matures, and classroom practices that bre ak up against the old(a) scholarly person (Schleppegrell, M. , 1987). The vituperative distributor point possible action that was regularise forrader in the 1960s was found on then-current theories of foreland development, and argued that the mental capacity upset rational malleability aft(prenominal) puberty, qualification back up language achievement more heavy as an adult than as a child (Lenneberg, 1967). receivable to advances in the ascertain of neurology, it has been heady that adults have maestro language culture capabilities.These studies and facts should contain any genuine stereotypes related to to honest-to-god adults and their ability to learn immaterial languages. champion thing that is parking lot amongst all of these stereotypes is that the victim has sure these stereotypes to be true and doesnt gainsay any of the discipline that would bear or traverse such(prenominal) claims. This could also be the starting signal step into getti ng some of these stereotypes withdraw from our culture so that people are able to eudaimonia positively and not have to fill around any negative impacts from doing activities that are natural.